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INDICE

FÉLIX MALLEU, DOMADOR DE LEONES Y HOMBRE DEL GUIÑOL

Adolfo Ayuso

EL TÍTERE Y SU MISTERIO: MAGIA, RELIGIÓN Y TEATRO (INCLUSO EN EL SIGLO XXI)

Francisco J. Cornejo

KUSI KUSI

Victoria Morales y Gastón Aramayo

Titulo

Eulalia Domingo

LA CREACIÓN EN EL TEATRO DE TÍTERES

Gonzalo Cañas

JOAN BAIXAS - TONI RUMBAU

Joan Baixas

Toni Rumbau

PEPE RUÍZ: DE TRANSHUMANTE A ESCRITOR

Santiago Ortega

POSTALES DE LA INDIA

Luciana Reynal Machado

CONSTRUCCIÓN DE TÍTERES CON TELA

Paco del Águila

EDITORIAL

Del Títere, UN OBJETO DE ARTE Y DEL ARTE DEL OBJETO

Hace más de cincuenta años que el teatro de títeres en Europa ensaya nuevas rutas de expresión, como lo hizo la pintura con la aparición del impresionismo y la pintura abstracta. Es así como podemos ver que elementos cotidianos de nuestro entorno se convierten en personajes y son animados creando formas peculiares de ‘títeres’ en los escenarios de teatro. Cabe distinguir entre las técnicas tradicionales usadas por el títere creando personajes expresamente para ser manipulados y vivir en una escena y por otro lado los objetos desvirtuados de su finalidad utilitaria y convertidos en un agente activo de la escena, simulando ser títeres y en definitiva lográndolo en tanto a su cualidad de personaje escénico. La irrupción del teatro de objetos, formas animadas, esculturas en movimiento y demás expresiones artísticas llevadas al territorio de la marioneta como forma de expresión y percepción, son más allá de cualquier polémica, términos inventados por los analistas del teatro de títeres que en su mayoría nunca han actuado o pisado un escenario. El teatro de títeres recrea una metáfora de la vida, donde el actor se relega a un segundo plano en un acto de generosidad y humildad, poniéndose al servicio de la marioneta o compartiendo escena al mismo nivel que ella. En este panorama todo cabe para expresar y comunicar, que en definitiva es lo que nos mueve como artesanos del teatro. Los espectáculos de títeres amplían sus formas y sus fronteras, llegando a abstraerse y rompiendo las barreras propias, dando vida a elementos que en un principio no fueron creados para ser manipulados ni para dar cobijo a un personaje. En este punto podemos tomar en cuenta dos realidades en el teatro de títeres: una es la del títere propiamente dicho, como elemento físico, palpable y tangible; y la otra es el mundo de los títeres, su evocación y su realidad como metáfora, como campo de acción teatral, como forma de vida escénica. Es aquí donde comulgan los objetos y los títeres. Para David Hume: ‘Un objeto no sólo es objeto sino a su vez es sujeto de sí mismo y el ser humano reconoce la esencia del objeto en cuanto que logra hacer la abstracción del sujeto del mismo y analizarlo desde fuera de sí.’ Si bien es cierta la evidente diferencia entre objeto y títere, no dejan ambas de tener un campo común de significado en cuanto a lo inerte de sus naturalezas. En un escenario podemos poblar de un nuevo significado, un nuevo sujeto, al objeto, desvirtuándolo y reinventando su contenido, rebasando sus límites y evocando una nueva forma de existencia, similar a la del títere. Sin embargo el títere nace con un significado y un sujeto que permanecen inalterables desde el principio hasta el final de su existencia. No se puede cambiar ni desvirtuar la esencia que puebla un títere. Esta es una diferencia fundamental en cuanto a su naturaleza. ‘La actividad del cerebro durante la percepción consciente de imágenes responde con un mecanismo de ‘todo o nada’, cambiando drásticamente su tasa de activación sólo cuando las imágenes mostradas son reconocidas. Si no lo son, la actividad neuronal no se produce. El tiempo en que se muestran las imágenes no desencadena la actividad neuronal, sino sólo el hecho del reconocimiento.’ (De la revista Tendencias Científicas, por Yaiza Martínez) Al reconocer un objeto activamos nuestra mente y al transgredir su esencia sugiriendo al espectador que reconozca otro sujeto que puebla el objeto damos una vuelta de rosca y elevamos nuestra mente a un lugar metafórico donde aceptamos una realidad paralela y entramos de lleno en el ámbito teatral de la marioneta. Es aquí donde se puede decir que conviven en un mismo plano de la realidad ambos elementos, títeres y objetos. Naturalmente que en la forma pura del término, el teatro de objetos no es teatro de títeres, o mejor dicho un objeto no es un títere. Sin embargo conviven en un mismo plano de vida escénica y ambos apelan a un mundo fantástico exigiendo al actor una muestra de humildad y generosidad para tomar de este la fuerza vital que les da vida, aunque en el teatro de objetos sea menor la entrega y el actor conserve buena parte de su ego. En este punto el títere es mucho más exigente ya que pide una entrega total e incondicional de parte de su manipulador. La diferencia entre estas dos expresiones del arte de la metáfora, en cuanto a la relación que les une con su manipulador, es la entrega total que el titiritero tiene hacia su títere, en contraposición con el manipulador de objetos que utiliza el objeto como vía metafórica para enaltecer su ego, multiplicando su presencia en escena.

Miguel Delgado

Secretario General

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