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Fantoche número 16

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INDICE

GASTÓN

José Pedreira

JOSÉ RUSSO. EL ARTISTA APACIBLE

Ramón del Valle

TRADICIÓN Y VANGUARDIA EN EL TEATRO DE TÍTERES

Luis Zornoza

EL MUSÉU, EL TALLER DE TÍTERES 10 AÑOS, UN MUNDO

L. Fernando de Julián

ROSY BARÓN, MARI CARMEN Y OTRAS VENTRÍLOCUAS. PARA UNA HISTORIA DE LA VENTRILOQUÍA EN ESPAÑA (2)

Adolfo Ayuso

¿ESCRIBIR PARA LAS MARIONETAS? UNA PRESENTACIÓN DEL PROYECTO EUROPEO PUPPETPLAYS

Didier Plassard

HACIA UNA DRAMATURGIA DEL ABISMO EN EL TEATRO DE OBJETOS

Julio Fernández

REFLEXIONES SOBRE LA CONSERVACIÓN Y RESTAURACIÓN EN EL TEATRO DE TÍTERES

Raquel Racionero

Francisco J. Cornejo

FRONTERAS

Luisa Aguilar

L. Fernando de Julián

EDITORIAL

Ahora que Ucrania está siendo devastada por una terrible guerra que provoca destrucción, muerte, sufrimiento y éxodo masivo de su población, es necesario proclamar que el arte de la marioneta siempre ha trabajado para favorecer la paz y la comprensión mutua entre los pueblos cualquiera que sea su origen, raza, diversidad cultural y convicciones políticas o religiosas.

UNIMA Internacional nació en Praga en 1928, en una atmósfera de amistad y solidaridad que ni siquiera pudo romper la II Guerra Mundial, porque siguieron organizándose encuentros titiriteros clandestinos para mantener vivos los contactos. Tampoco en la guerra fría se perdió ese carácter humanista y amistoso de UNIMA, que para superar la política de bloques, aplicó la paridad de cargos entre el este y el oeste en sus órganos de decisión y se esforzó en ser un foro neutral facilitando el compañerismo y acercamiento entre naciones. Es por ello que se puede afirmar rotundamente que UNIMA participa, a su manera, en la diplomacia cultural.

Es difícil escribir este editorial abstrayéndose del horror de una guerra que, como todas, la sufren especialmente los niños y niñas, destinatarios principales también del arte titiritero. No se puede explicar a los pequeños el sufrimiento que le provocan las guerras, sólo cabe atenuarlo acogiéndolos en su huida del horror y arrancándoles una sonrisa con el buen hacer de nuestro oficio.

Las obras de títeres de tradición popular, nos muestran historias donde héroes y villanos se confrontan, en una tensión sin fin entre el bien y el mal, para transmitir a los niños y niñas mensajes aleccionadores,

pero también tranquilizadores porque su temor -si lo hubiera- se diluye por tratarse de una ficción y sentirse amparados en el núcleo familiar que los acompaña para ver el espectáculo. Los títeres imitan la realidad para caricaturizarla, aunque a veces esa realidad supere con creces a la ficción por muy cruel que ésta se haya pergeñado. Sólo en las fábulas ocurre que el valiente David derrota al malvado Goliat y en la ficción titiritera la justicia siempre triunfa, por eso se jalea y festeja el momento del escarmiento al villano a golpe de cachiporra.

Héroes y villanos son la cara y la cruz de la misma moneda: la condición humana.

En el teatro de títeres tradicional el héroe se articula como personaje principal de la trama, teniendo como contrapunto al villano con el que resuelve sus controversias a estacazos. El títere-héroe es un luchador justiciero que rige sus actos por valores elevados y le planta cara al miedo. A veces no se caracteriza en un títere concreto sino en un colectivo: un pueblo oprimido o grupo de personajes de rasgos comunes. El títere-villano muestra habitualmente apariencia humana: persigue siempre un propósito, justifica la necesidad de sus actos y tiene seguidores y lacayos que nunca lo verán como malvado. Cuando al villano, excepcionalmente, se le deshumaniza queda caracterizado de ogro. A veces incluso, en algunos espectáculos, apare- ce el mismo diablo como personificación absoluta del mal.

No siempre el héroe y el villano se representan en dos personajes antagónicos y diferenciados, a veces confluye en un mismo títere una dualidad humana muy común: nadie es radicalmente malo o bueno; muchas personas tienen trazas de ambos atributos. Eso ocurre también con nuestro Don Cristóbal, heredero del Pulcinella italiano y del Polichinelle francés, un personaje egoísta y pendenciero, pero también mal encarado con los poderosos. Un títere de cachiporra que ha sido el personaje principal de muchas obras titiriteras españolas y que, con el paso del tiempo, ha ido perdiendo el aire libertario y liberador que tanta fama le otorgó entre los campesinos andaluces.

Es fácil identificar en la cruenta y desigual guerra de Ucrania que el héroe es un pueblo invadido que resiste y el villano el autócrata Putin y todos los dirigentes que pudiendo haber evitado la guerra no lo hicieron, pero resulta poco conveniente y apetecible adaptar esa realidad al mundo de las marionetas. En tiempos de horror el títere debe huir de la crónica negra y del trazo grueso para centrarse en dar mensajes solidarios y esperanzadores. Paz y esperanza para el pueblo ucraniano. NO A LA GUERRA.

Ramón del Valle Vela

Consejo de Redacción de Fantoche

 

Portada Fantoche 16
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